The Main Causes of Changes in American Families Essay Example for Free

The Main Causes of Changes in American Families EssayThe three main causes of mixed bags in American families ar the ascension divorce cast, changing role of women, and changing offices about marriage. The first main cause of wobbles in American families is the rising divorce rate. The rising of divorce rate has increased for a long time. This increase has caused too much changing in the life of American families. First, divorce has caused single parent for children. Most children who cave in single parent ordain hurt hard life. For instance, they live either with father or with mother. They may not get enough caring from one of them who they live with.This circumstance may refer them negatively in the future, and it cause huge changing in their life. Second, divorce makes families separated especi ally children. Most spouses who decide to make divorce will change their families. For example, due to their decision, they will cause to change their childrens behaviors. This cause will lead them to do anything that strickles their behavior negatively such choosing improper friends, do not continue their education due to lack of caring from their parents, or drinking alcohol too much.Third, having babies before acquire married will cause to children to have single parent family. Some children who are born before parents get married will live in single parents. According to Hare and Gray(n. d), wrote, the immemorial reason is divorce rate at slightly more than 50% and birth to woman who do not wish marry. Sixty percent of all children will spend some of their lives in a single-parent family. Currently, about 88% of these families are headed by women (section family forms, para. 4). Add a comment on the source and/or a paragraph conclusion. Good job.In conclusion, there are three reasons that cause change in the American families which are divorce, role of women, and changing attitude about marriage. I think divorce is the most cause of changing in American families. The three main causes of changes in American families are the rising divorce rate, changing role of women, and changing attitudes about marriage. The first main cause of changes in American families is the rising divorce rate. The rising divorce rate has increased recentlyfor a long time. This increaseing has caused too manyuch changesing in the structure life of of American families.First, divorce has createdcaused single- parent families for children. Furthermore, mMost children who have single parents will have a hard life. For instance, they live either with their father or with mother. MoreoverFurthermore, they may not get enough careing from the parent one of them who they live with. This circumstance may affect children negatively in the future, and it causes a huge changeing in their life to the negative wayworst. Second, divorce makes families separated, especially children. Most parents who decide to make divorce will change their families.For example, due to their decision, they will cause to change their childrens behaviors. This cause will lead them to many consequences do anything that affects their behavior negatively such choosing improper friends, do not continue their education due to lack of caring from their parents, or drinking alcohol too much. In addition, divorce may create problems for tout ensemble families. Third, having babies before getting married will cause for to children to have single parent family. Some children who are born before parents get married will live in single parents. Hard and Gray (n. ) said that the major reason is the ratenge of divorce has increased to 50%, and more the women who have babies before getting married. There are 60% of kids will have single parent in their life. Also, 80% of those kids are controlled by their mothers right now. (section family forms, para. 4). In conclusion, there are three reasons that cause change in the American families which are divorce, role of women, an d changing attitude about marriage. These causes affect the American families negatively, especially for childrens life. I think divorce is the most cause of changing in American families.

Speech Presentation Essay Example for Free

Speech Presentation EssayImagine your home wherein you are controlled by your own IPod. Imagine a classroom that you are controlled by your laptop computer. Imagine a canteen that you are controlled by the vending machine. Indeed, this is a chilling vivid picture that we can paint in our mind when the topic of applied accomplishment and its advancement is on the focus. The popularity of science fiction stories and movies had supportered in the formation of nonsensical fears on the advancement of technology. Science fiction films such as the Matrix and the Terminator had convinced us that the technology that we created which is supposed to be our slave is the adept who enslave us. In this presentation, I am going to try to erase these irrational fears in your heads by citing and analyzing real humankind facts, findings and researches on the topic of technology and its advancement. Primarily, it is important to define what technology is. Simply said, technology is any tool or method that is created by man to help and assist him in his eitherday work to make his or her feel easier. This kind of definition is so encompassing that it can manage to accommodate the early advancement of man including the denudation of fire up to our current advancements in space science and cistrontics.These advancements of technology with the incredibly fast phase that it has today are those that are feared by many that can enslave the gentleman that created it. The question is simple? Is this fear rational or not? It is important to note that even its early days, the invention of technology itself was aimed to help homophilekind. I would argue that up to now, this is what is still happening. Technology even to its current status and prestige are still aimed to help and assist the humankind rather than dominate it. Take for example the field of robotics.Robots are aimed to perform tasks and full treatment that are dangerous and hazardous in nature. This includes h eavy construction works up to the defusing of bombs and charges which are definitely delicate and complicated. When these jobs are employed by human, a human life is at stake at every second he or she is exposed on the work. With the help of robotic technology, we can perform the same task with the same efficiency without putting the life of a human in danger. Thanks to technology. Genetic technologies and medical science also perform the same function.Advancement in genetic engineering and medical science had managed to provide its subjects an enhanced inner mechanism that can heal and resist diseases and abnormalities. Formally diseases and conditions that are beyond the control of humanness are easily reached with the help of this technology. Again, thanks to technology. Advancement in artificial procreation also assists humankind in a very great(p) deal. Former couples that are biologically expressage to bear child were given a chance to conceive an offspring.With the help of technologies positive today, a formerly dead genetic line can be resurrected to continue its organism on the world. Thanks to technology. When examined in a realist and factual perspective, technologies that we have today still coincides with its original goal that was conceived even in our primary years and that is to help mankind. The fear in technology and its overtake of the dominion in earth was invented and exaggerated by some people that it managed to brought a great deal of inconsistencies and danger to our living.No one can deny the benefits of technology and to deny the use and development of technology will definitely deny the benefits of organism human. From here, I am encouraging each one of my audience to be more vigilant in the ideas feed to us by the media especially on this topic. Let us examine each one of them in a framework that is unbiased and scientific for us to be able to make a right choice and decision. Thank you. With the rate that technology is constant ly improving many questions the state of humans in the next when technology might perhaps overtake human development.However, those who believe that the future is a place where humans will be enslaved by technology and man will no daylong be enjoying the liberties now enjoyed might be in for a surprise be effort technology is currently designed to assist humans and mitigate the human timbre of life. Humans and technology are set to become partners in the future because man created technology for his advancement and value, technology was designed to support human existence and technology was designed to ameliorate life.The first programmable computer was invented in 1938 which was followed by the development of many other types of computers through the years. (ComputerHope) For many, this was the beginning of technology but the fact remains that technology is the use of existing materials to improve or enhance the performance of a particular task. So based on this concept of t echnology, then(prenominal) such a concept existed as early as the time that man discovered the use of fire or when the Chinese first developed the wheel. Technology has been around for ages and for all of these instances its objective was to make the performance of a task easier.This means that the task performed is done by a human and the summation of technology simply makes the task performed by the said human much(prenominal) is easier to do. Technology was never intended to replace humans because it is there to exist nerve by side with its creator to assist in and to enhance the performance of a task. On this premise, it is easy to gather evidence that in fact, in the future, humans and technology are set to become partners to ensure the efficient and effective delivery of many things from services to products, and to the more mundane conveniences in life. hotshot proof that humans and technology are most alike(p)ly to become mutual partners in the future is the fact that technology is created for the advancement or advantage of man. Robotics is one of the aspects of technology that proves this particular point. There are suppositions that the accelerating pace of technological change allows us to build machines like cyborgs (machine-enhanced humans like the Six gazillion Dollar Man), androids (human-robot hybrids like Data in Star Trek) and other combinations beyond what we can even imagine. (Carnett) These innovations in robotics are set to blur the distinction amongst man and machine, making man perform in ways that are beyond what one can conceive.With robotics man will be able to educe a two hundred pound weight as easily as a forklift. Mike Harden once commented that, in robotics, I trust to do it. Its because Im a magically different person in robotics. (2010) Such a comment simply shows how this kind of technology can improve even the way humans view themselves in the context of technology that man is empowered by technology and technol ogy exists merely as a means of improving what man is able to normally do.Robotics is the best evidence that technology simply exists to make tasks easier for humans. This fact is validated by current situations where Robots already perform many dangerous functions, from making cars to defusing bombs or firing missiles. (Singer and Sagan) These tasks can be lethal to humans and with the purpose of keeping humans away from uncivilised situations, robots are utilized. Which brings the discussion to the second proof that in the future humans and technology are bound to become mutual partners the technological purpose of human life support.Technology is designed to support human existence which is why it cannot be perceived as something that will ultimately destroy and/or cause the extinction of the human race. Medicine is the field of science where technology ultimately plays a enjoyment in supporting the existence of human life. For instance, Dr. Howard W. Jones Jr. , the surgeon, along with his wife, Dr. Georgeanna Seegar Jones, helped to create the first test tube baby born in the United States (Epstein) These scientists insist that human reproduction is not as efficient as it would first seem to be so technology needs to assist humans in the matter of procreation. (Epstein)This basically shows the purpose of such a debatable technological advancement as in vitro fertilization is not to smite the laws of nature or to cause the extinction of the human race but on the contrary, to support such existence so that reproduction will be more efficient when compared to natural reproduction which can be affected by other, more risky influences and may result to abnormal conception or childbirth.Even scientists who are involved in such questionable technological advances like cloning accept and concede to the belief that even these kinds of scientific procedures are intended for the betterment of future generations, hence, Dr. Margaret McLean (2010) asserts that, T he question is not whether we ought to ban or delight in cloning but why would we choose to go forward and whether our choices bode well or ill for present and future children and our relationships with them. (Sterns)This basically shows how scientists themselves agree to the role of technology in terms of ensuring and supporting the existence of the human race. This particular belief is connected to how technology is able to improve and enhance the quality of life of human beings. From the ordinary toaster to the microwave oven to the more complex capabilities of the newest models of cellular phones intended for mobile communication, the future of technology is quite clear to be a future where humans will most promising live better lives because of how innovations can make life easier and more convenient.However, these are merely the superficial and indubitable representations of such a future other, more complex studies and more world-shattering innovations are on their way. On e such innovation can be embed in genetics. The most amazing developments in this field can be seen in the development of gene therapy and genetic engineering. Gene therapy has very real voltage for enhancing human health (Adams) because it addresses the flaws in human genes and corrects these flaws thereby remedying whatever physical or physiological problems are caused by that particular damaged gene.Considering this capability of gene therapy, then it is not strange if one day a diabetic is able to eat as much sugar as he/she wants to or a hypertensive is able to smoke as much as he/she wants. These effects are the perceived effects of gene therapy where the gene that causes the unwellness or the ailment is corrected and reintroduced into the human body. Another implication of genetics is in agriculture where food can be genetically engineered resulting in bigger tomatoes, cholesterol-free swine, and eggs or nuts that do not have any allergensTherefore, Plant science and plant gene technology will be searing activities of the nations response to many challenges it faces in the coming decades (AAS) These challenges include the resolution of hunger, the provision of healthier food alternatives, and the sustainability of food stores for all the people in the world. Obviously, as is illustrated in these examples, technology is set to make the lives of humans more convenient. The standard of living for humans will increase with technology taking promontory into the future.This particular aspect of technology is hard evidence that in the future, technology will be a partner of human beings in making the world a better place to live in. The fallacy of machines dominating humans in the future and the development of super-intelligences that will overtake human intelligence is, at this point, science fiction, because as circumstances show, technology is doing nothing nowadays but assisting humans and making life easier.The image of humans being chained by robots and made to do their bidding or used as fodder for their cogs and screws is an image that will hopefully remain in literature as the future of technology is bright in the context of how it can assist humans and improve and enhance human life. Partnership means having mutual benefit not merely focusing on the benefits of one party and in the case of technology, the benefits are both ways.The future is when humans will get as much from technology as technology from humans because without humans, technology will remain static and will no longer move onward in development. grounds shows that as technology moves further away from the discovery of fire and the modeling of the wheel humans are set to enjoy the future with technology as an indispensable partner.Recent advancements in various fields such as robotics, genetics, medicine, and other fields of science have showed that technology will most likely be a partner to humans in the future because technology serves to make human life m ore convenient, it exists to support human existence, and it is designed to improve the human quality of life. Technology, while seemingly threatening to some, is in fact moving toward a fruitful and productive partnership with the human race not far into the twentieth century.

Diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus

Diagnosing Diabetes MellitusIntroductionIn this practical, enzymatic set abouts were apply to determine the glucose concentration of patients in plasma sample distributions. The use of enzymes as a marker for analytical analysis of plasma samples be very reliable due to the high specificity, reproducibility and sensitivity of enzyme commodevasss (glucose HK as assert kit).The first assay used is a glucose oxidase assay, this assay measures the glucose levels in plasma by utilise enzymes such as glucose oxidase to catalyse the oxidation of D-glucose which is present in plasma into D-Gluconic acid. The reaction is coupled to another chemic reaction where a reduced reverberate of o-Diansidine is oxidised to an oxidised form of o-diansidine. This occurs in combination with a formation of hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide is consequently broken down and reacts with H2SO4 to form a coloured compound that can be spectrophotometric bothy detected at a wavelength of 540nm.Ano ther popular glucose measuring assay is the hexokinase assay. This assay catalyses the phosphorylation of glucose present in the sample in presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by using hexokinase to form glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). G6P is then oxidised in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to form 6-phospho-gluconate, this reaction is catalysed by the presence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). While this reaction is undergoing, the NAD is reduced to NADH. This creates a colorimetric signal that can be detected at a wavelength of 340nm by a spectrophotometer.These assays be two of many assays used to measure glucose in patients. They ar commonly used to determine if the patient is diabetic or for routine uses to monitor patients who are already diagnosed with diabetes.Glucose Oxidase assayMaterialsPipette and tipsEppendorf tubesPotassium phosphateGlucose oxidase (1U/l)Peroxidase (0.01U/l)O-Diansidine hydrochloride moved(p) role samples x6 (2 for each patient)Stop solution (Sulphuric acid H2SO4)96 rise platePlate readerMethodFirstly, 3ml of glucose oxidase reagent was prepared by adding 60l of glucose oxidase, 30l of peroxidase and 60l of o-diansidine hydrochloride in 2,85 ml of 0.1 potassium phosphate to create a solution at a pH of 7.5.CalculationsGlucose Oxidase (1U/l) = (1000 U/ml)/(20 U/ml) =50 (3ml)/50=0.06ml =60lPeroxidase (0.01 U/l) = (10 U/ml)/(0.1 U/ml) = 100 (3ml)/100 =0.03ml =30lO-Diansidine hydrochloride = 150 dilution needed 3ml=3000l 3000/50=60lThen, a set of 6 models were prepared by diluting a 0.1M stock glucose solution in peeing as followed hedge 1. Preparation of standards volumesFinal concentration (mM)0.1 stock glucose solution (l)Purified water (l)00200510190102018015301702040 matchless hundred sixty2550150Then, 50l of the samples (provided) and standards were added in duplicate on a 96 intumesce plate as shown under (See Table 2.).Table 2. 96 intimately plate distribution1234567891011A25QC4Pa tient 1T=1Patient 2T=1Patient 3T=125QC4Patient 1T=1Patient 2T=1Patient 3T=1B20QC7Patient1T=2Patient 2T=2Patient 3T=220QC7Patient 1T=2Patient 2T=2Patient 3T=2C15QC1115QC11D1010E55F00Then 100l of the assay reagent prepared earlier was added to each well.After 30 proceeding of incubation at 37C, the reaction was stopped by adding 100l of sulphuric acid to each well. The plate was then read at 540nm on a plate reader.ResultsAfter reading the plate at 540nm on the plate reader, the following results were obtainedTable 3. Sample Absorbance 1234567891011A0.6400.1260.1600.0990.0870.6860.1290.0820.0900.093B0.5450.1930.1410.1390.0870.5670.2040.1760.1130.041C0.4420.2660.4100.3030.104D0.2610.283E0.1930.144F0.0490.048Results highlighted in red were omitted from further calculations due to preparation errors. 200l instead of 100 l of assay reagent was added to well A9, this diluted the signal creating an inaccurate result. The well was re-prepared in well C9 but the time interval between the subs trate and stop solution was unequal to the duplicate in well A3, therefore, the result of well C9 was omitted from further calculations. Finally, the result of well B11 was omitted from further calculations since the assay reagent was not added to the well, therefore there was no chemical reaction (same value as blank).Table 4. normal Absorbance tireds (mM)0.0005.00010.00015.00020.00025.000AbsorbanceDate 25/01/2017 0.0490.1440.2910.4420.5450.640Date 25/01/20170.0480.1930.2830.4100.5670.686Mean0.0490.1690.2870.4260.5560.663Standard deviation (n=2)0.0010.0350.0060.0230.0160.033CV % (n=2)1.45820.5631.9715.3122.7984.906Table 5. Standards mean absorbance recapitulativeStandardsConcentration (mM)Abs100.049250.1693100.2874150.4265200.5566250.663A standard curve can be plotted using the results generated by the wells containing the standards.Figure 1. Standard curve of the Absorbance versus concentrationThe precision of the standard curve can be persistent by calculating the coefficient o f revolution (CV% where CV=standard deviation (SD)/mean) for each standard as shown down the stairsFigure 2. Comparison of the coefficients of variations percentages of the standard duplicates Results are usually rejected if the difference in values is greater than 20% for more than 75% of the calibration standards. In this case, the precision of the curve is pleasing since all the CVs of the points (except from 1) are below 20 % (EMEA or Desilva).The accuracy and the precision can be further analysed by the character controls (QCs) which were ran in duplicate on the plate.Table 6. Quality control resultsAbsorbanceResultsQC (4 mM)QC (7 mM)QC (11 mM)0.1260.1930.2660.1290.2040.303Mean0.1280.1990.285Standard deviation (n=2)0.0020.0080.026CV % (n=2)1.6643.9189.196As shown above, the CVs of the QCs are below 20% importation that the precision of the duplicates is acceptable.By extrapolating the mean absorbance from the QCs, the corresponding concentrations can be determined. QC pe rformances are determined by calculating the precision and accuracy of these. The precision is determined as a CV% (CV%, where CV = SD/mean) and the accuracy as absolute bias (% RE, where congener error RE = measured value actual value/ actual value). If these are between 20% (25% for low QC and high QC) and the target total error (sum of these two values) is below 30% (40% for low QC and high QC), then the results generated from the standard curve are acceptable (De silva EMEA).Table 7. Quality control precision and accuracyQC (4 mg/ml)QC (7 mg/ml)QC (11 mg/ml)Absorbance0.1280.1990.285Concentration3.296.139.57CV % (n=2)2.5955.09210.958Bias %17.858354712.4860813.03319986Total error20.45317.57823.992Following the results shown above, it can be determined that the precision and accuracy of the results are acceptable for each control.Once this has been determined, the results generated from the samples can be analysed reliably.Finally, by extrapolating the absorbance generated from t he samples on the standard curve, a corresponding concentration can be determined as shown belowTable 8. Sample resultsPatient1(t=1)Patient 1 (t=2)Patient 2 (t=1)Patient 2 (t=2)Patient 3 (t=1)Patient 3 (t=2)absorbance0.1300.1590.0950.1260.090.087Concentration (nM)3.374.531.973.211.771.65Hexokinase assay payable to time constraints, the hexokinase assay was not performed. Despite this, some results were provided to determine the glucose concentrations of the 3 patients.ResultsTable 9. Standards, quality controls and samples results providedStandardsGlucose concentration mMAbsorbance00.04850.154100.366150.496200.725250.854Samples and quality controlsSampleAbsorbanceIQC10.162IQC20.260IQC30.393Patient 1 sample 10.269Patient 1 sample 20.411Patient 2 sample 10.196Patient 2 sample 20.303Patient 3 sample 10.206Patient 3 sample 20.236A standard curve can be plotted using the standard results providedFigure 3. Standard curve of absorbance over concentrationBy extrapolating the absorbance from the quality controls and samples, the corresponding concentrations can be determined as shown belowTable 10. Quality control resultsQC (4)QC (7)QC (11)Absorbance0.1620.260.393Concentration (nM)4.277.1611.10Bias %6.684305052.3473040.871558008The bias calculated is within the 20% range meaning that the assay is accurate and the results generated are validated.Finally, by extrapolating the provided absorbance of the samples on the standard curve, a corresponding concentration can be determined.Table 11. Sample resultsPatient1 (t=1)Patient 1 (t=2)Patient 2 (t=1)Patient 2 (t=2)Patient 3 (t=1)Patient 3 (t=2)absorbance0.2690.4110.1960.3030.2060.236Concentration (nM)7.4311.635.278.445.576.45DiscussionThe results obtained by the glucose oxidase assay are very diametrical from the hexokinase assay, even though the accuracy and precision of both assays are acceptable. Meaning that there must have been an error in preparation of the samples, standards or controls of one of these assays. It ha s been predetermined that a preanalytical error was made during the storage of the patient samples prior to their use in the glucose oxidase assay. The samples were thawed and not kept on ice which immobile the samples, this explains the low values for the patient concentrations. Due to the abnormal results obtained in the glucose oxidase assay (t=1 and t=2 decrease in glucose concentrations for patient 3), the results were omitted from further clinical exposition. The results provided in the hexokinase assay seem to be more correct (increase in glucose concentrations from t=1 to t=2). Taking this into account, the results obtained from the hexokinase assay were used for the clinical interpretation of the patients.The paired samples which were ran on the assays were samples collected during a glucose tolerance test. A glucose tolerance test (commonly called GTT or OGTT) is performed on a patient to help diagnose diabetes. It is used to help diagnose disorders such as pre-diabetes, insulin resistance, gestational diabetes (for pregnant women) and reactive hypoglycaemia for example. The test involves the administration of a glucose dose (usually 75g in liquid form) to a fasting patient. Blood is taken before the ingestion of the dose and 2 hours later. The results from the blood glucose levels help determine glucose disorders(ref).GTT is a widely-used tool for diagnosing gestational diabetes. It is offered to women who are 24-28 weeks pregnant and present a risk factors such as an elevated BMI, family history of diabetes or a previous pregnancy of a large baby. Patient 1 is a 36-year- gray-headed female who is 28 weeks pregnant. She was offered a routine GTT following the last pregnancy since the baby was large. Her fasting glucose was 7.43 mmol/L and her blood glucose levels after 2 hours was 11.6mmol/L. In the UK, according to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines, a fasting glucose greater than 5.6 mmol/L and/or a 2-hour bl ood glucose level greater than 7.8mmol/L for pregnant women is considered diagnostic for gestational diabetes (NICE guidleines). Therefore, the patient in question is diagnosed with gestational diabetes.Patient 2 is a 67 year old female, she was referred for a GTT following the results of her fasting plasma glucose to be 5.6mmol/L at a routine GP check-up. According to the results from the hexokinase assay, her fasting glucose was 5.27mmol/L and her 2-hour plasma glucose levels were 8.44mmol/L. These results sharpen that the patient has an impaired glucose tolerance (fasting glucose less than 7mmol/L and 2-hour plasma level between 7.8 and 11.1mmol/L). This diagnosis is given when the results do not indicate diabetes but are still abnormal. Further check-ups need to be planned to routinely check for diabetes.Patient 3 is a 24 year old male. He is affected by cystic fibrosis which requires annual pancreatic function tests such as GTTs. His fasting blood glucose levels were 5.57mmol/ L and the 2-hour blood glucose levels were 6.45mmol/L following these results it is safe to say that this patient is healthy (fasting plasma levels less than 5.5mmol/L and plasma glucose levels at 2-hours less than 7.8mmol/L).ConclusionBy using an enzyme assay, blood glucose levels from patients can be monitored. These assays are reliable due to the specificity, reproducibility and sensitivity of the enzymes. By measuring the glucose levels of samples before and after the administration of an oral dose of glucose, the results can help diagnose some(prenominal) types of diabetes such as gestational diabetes in pregnant women. There are a variety of available assays that can measure glucose from serum samples, but they all function on the same principle of catalysing a reaction to produce a detectable signal that is correlated to a concentration. The use of internal quality controls is an indispensable way of testing the reliability of the results.

Nestle Was Founded In 1866 Management Essay

draw close Was Founded In 1866 Management Essay cling to was founded in 1866 by Henri nest and has be take after the worlds biggest food and beverage confederacy by now. hold tight employs around 250,000 stack from much than 70 countries and possess operation centres in almost both(prenominal) country in the world. approach is champion the world largest food producer in the global platform with the success of highly product innovations and backing acquisitions. nest has diversifying its product line into various fiber and expanded its market sh be within the world since familys ago. Although on that point are a extensive get along of products need to be produce by Nestle but the quality of the products are al paths the priority of Nestle to renowned through with(predicate)out the world. The existing products of Nestle are growing through high level of innovation and renovations while maintaining a balance of geographic activities and product lines. The short term pe rformance is the authoritative element to fulfil the long term plan of the keep company in future. The Companys priority is to bring the best and most relevant products to people, wherever they are, whatever their needs, throughout their lives. Nestle, a caring company that has produce antithetic taste for each country in the world to fit with the local culture and needs. Nestle is a company that operates with decentralization style. For an example, each operation country is responsible for the efficient running of its business, which including the t raining of the staffs.The company vision focus on making nice food central to enjoy a good and healthy life for consumers entirely over the world. This implies that Nestle is gaining a deeper understanding in many areas of comestible and food researches and transforming the scientific advances into applications. By having a broad vision, the company is doing its best for their consumers to show the great sense datum of responsibi lity.Everybody knows an operation of a company is frequently come with the contrast and negotiation in drop deadplace. The employment can be improves the responsiveness to external environment and incr easing team cohesion. Conflict will be arising heretofore in our daily lives and world experienced since we were a kid. Emotions arising when there is disagreement occurred. When the level of conflict has lifted, it might lead to severe agency problems. Different people will harbour differed perceptions towards any single issue much(prenominal) as the methods to resolve any kind of problems. Conflict is an un keep offable issue within the business environment due to it relates directly to communicating and hierarchy matters. Thus, in this assignment we going to discuss and learning from the topic of Conflict issue of Nestle (Malaysia).Methods apply to collect the schooling. Accurate and thorough use of course concepts in OB relates to the issues.( 5 marks)They are two categor y of methodology that we required to adopt in this assignment, which are primary and secondary. After much con attituderation, we choose to use the questionnaire method as primary method to investigate inter-organization conflict. Due to the interview drawbacks, it can be very m-consuming much(prenominal)(prenominal) as setting up, interviewing transcribing, analysing, feedback, reporting, somehow and it likewise can be very costly to student like us. Besides thats, different interviewee whitethorn find different understand and transcribe interview in different ways. In contrary, the questionnaire isa most economicoffer in terms of expenses and time involved. By use questionnaires, the potential reading can be collected from a large portion of a group. Therefore, the yield data more comparable than information obtained through an interview.In the tip to toe questionnaire research, we useda week to done the research from distribute questionnaire questions to collect the employ ees respond and process the frequency from the outcome. In seven days, we allocate 3 day in select and distribute those question, another three day for collecting the employees responded the questionnaire, while for the last day to process the frequency from the outcome.The main furiousness here is on the communication conflicts, which cover all the three levels of the companys hierarchy. From the head, top focusing followed by the middle perplexity and at the bottom piece is employees who infra the manager level. There were several types of questionnaires were designed for each level, therefore the questionnaires distributed at the top were least and maximum at the lower levelResults from QuestionnaireVariablesFrequencyFrom management (10 person)More than the desired output of the employees make can be harmful to the organization?Yes09No01There is a free unravel of communication among the employeesYes10No00Employees are properly informed about decision taken?Yes07No03There i s a consistency among the management policiesYes08No02From employees(20 person)From how long reserve you been working in the organization?6 months041 year023 years10Or more than 3 years04What kind of knob do you like to work with?A competent but difficult boss13A lenient but incompetent boss07Which type of leaderships style do you like the most?Autocratic18Democratic02How your management does is doing the evaluating among the employees?Performance base18Merit base02Preference to work withFriendly but incompetent colleague09Difficult but competent colleague11Receiving assignments with proper resources to executeYes15No05Favouring the dress compute?Yes20No00Employees are properly informed about decisions takenYes10No10There is a free flow of communication among the employeesYes18No02Employees usually search communication problems withTop management04Manager16Who should be blamedTop management04Manager16More organisational hierarchic conflicts are faced byTop05Middle (manager)15Low er00Level which should be held responsible for that?Top06Middle (manager)14Lower00As for secondary method, we are required to look into several journals and reading materials. In the internet, it deliver the goodss us thousands of links and website to search for conflict and negotiation management. By apply the theory and practical model from the journal that we selected, we able to plant it into the recommendation part of this assignment.Integration of course concepts with information about the company (15 marks)A basic existential of a company is continuously improving and gain growth together with its employees in the long run view. However, conflicts will be arising to grasp such a desirable outcome. In this section, our team try to locate the conflict and negotiation issue happening in Nestle, and consolidate with the academic part in order to explain how the organization practise in reality situation.By referring to Nestle, there are a few issues that have evoked huge confli cts and resolutions were given to overcome them. The sources of conflict based on the issues that we had discover included differentiation, incompatible goals and communication problem.Issue no.1Nestle vision and mission stated that, the company want to be a leading, competitive, nutrition, health and wellness company. Thus, milk powder formula has been launched and the main purpose for this product is to permit the mothers become even more convenience and able to give their infant with better nutrition formula. The third world mothers hungered for westernization and feed their infant with the milk powder formula. Due to the limited intimacy of the third world mothers do not realize that over-diluted will caused the infants suffered from malnutrition. The infant formula conflict began in December 1970 and turns even worsened in the year of 1973. The reason that this issue being arise is due to Nestle accused of getting third world mothers to adapt on the infant milk formula, which consisting little nutrition fact than breast milk. Begin from July 1977 a severe boycott event is held by the semipublic towards Nestle.In January 1981, Nestle has established Nestle Coordination bosom for Nutrition.Inc (NCCN) to reduce the risk of misuse the infant milk formula and the protesters who boycott Nestle. NCCN has gathered all the relevant information from the critics to establish strategies. NCCN has communicated and disseminate the product information to the third world mothers on behalf of Nestle for solving the infant formula conflict.In this issue, we can categorize this conflict into the differentiation as one morphological sources of conflict. In such moorage, Nestle try to promote their product into third world country to enrich their market niche in the similar time helping the woman there obtain the benefits from milk powder. From the relevant article shown, Nestle adopt avoiding as conflict handling contingencies at the initial dot of boycott activitie s. Nestle did not observe issue that is going on around them, they didnt check the initial forum, journals, magazines, and other common refresheds media, in the sense that they didnt handle the issue properly and it means they have used the wrong tactics to handle the problem in early phase. Since thats the case, the avoiding approach had caused the boycott bordering (frustration) to Nestle had lighted on 4th July 1977. After the failure in combat the infant issue at 1970s, Nestle finally establish the NCCN, which mean they start to create and claim the value back from publics. By managing the information, Nestle successfully resolve the conflict by understand the activists needs, and win back the confidence from public by work together with the group of well-disposed auditors to help them improve their weaknesses.Issue no 2.Palm vegetable oil is one of the main raw materials to let Nestle to satisfy its productions need and produce the final goods to fulfil the needs of the Ne stle products consumers. Due to the scarcity of palm oil and high demanding from its production, the consumption of Nestle has doubled since the last few years. Conflict was arising that Nestle needs a huge number of palm oil to produce its products, however to obtain such a large number of palm oil had endanger the natural environment due to the main supplier (Sinar Mas) led to a vast bulk deforestation. In order to fulfil the needs of Nestle, Sinar Mas conducted a huge deforestation event and caused massive pollution. In this case, Greenpeace (a non-government environmental organization) has interfered in this issue and condemned Nestle that gain ground the unhealthy trend growth for obtaining the palm oil. Indirectly, Nestle has caused such a huge destructive event that executed by Sinar Mas. This has impacted on the rain forest and natural habitat of orang utans and further extinction.Since the unfavourable business pattern of Sinar Mas has been disclosed at the early 2010, N estle has stopped the palm oil purchasing contract with Sinar Mas and decided to co-operate with Cargill, one of the largest palm oil suppliers in the world. In another hand, Nestle has likewise created The Nestle Supplier Code (TNSC) and being implemented since August 2010. Under TNSC, Nestle reflects the suppliers need to be full compliance with applicable laws and possess high level senses of responsibility towards the entire stakeholders.In this case there are two serious issues arouse, which are the attitude of Nestle public relationship toward kind network and their intention on deforestation decision making.A Kit-Kat sarcastic video clip was released on Youtube which focus on the content of palm oil and deforestation issues that launched by Greenpeace. Nestle social media team was fighting back by chasing the video clip all over the internet and tried to cover all the unfavourable relevant information off from the internet. Nestle as well taking action by removed the video clip from Youtube, however the video clip has reposted in another social media platform named, Vimeo. Besides, Greenpeace uses twitter to talk about the censorship attempt by Nestle. The video clip has caused a huge impact towards Nestle, thousands of anti-nestle discussions were removed from the Nestles facebook page. Nestles facebook responds team was responding to those criticism posts and comments by threatening to delete comments. The way of respond by the Nestle social media team has led to further issue. Nestle representative has apologized for the contingencys happened in the Nestle facebook wall. But, the image of Nestle has been affected and the stock price was dropped after these incidents happened.In this case, the incompatible goals between Greenpeace and the forest destruction parties had arouse the relationship conflict. Once the conflicts run away out, Nestle adopted two different approaches in two different nature issues. In deforestation, Nestle at the very ear ly stage exit from the public eye, try to dodge the column. Until they cant take it off from the public pressure, Nestle then start to compromise to the interest group by outmatch themselves with Sinar Mas, and subsequently establish a supplier code of ethic in order to prevent similar mistake happen again.However, in social media, Nestle had shown bad public relation to the world, which they uphold high assertiveness while low cooperativeness. Thus, they remove all of the critical comments at the official Facebook page which we presuppose this behaviour completely indicates they have deep conviction about their position. Besides that, by removing the comments besides consider as a quick resolution to ease the issue. However, these unwise decision lead to an official apologize from Nestle to public. In the end, the public relation week reported that Nestle was looking to hire a new agency to help with its image online.Questionnaire analysisThe following is a depth analysis of th e repartees from the management and employeesCommunication problem is the third source of the conflict and it is mostly within the inter-organizational level. Employees attitudes, behaviour, individual biases, ethnics discrimination and improper channel to communication may lead to a huge and unavoidable conflict. One of the Nestle employees reveals that, the survival of the fittest biases of a manager may lead conflict within the company. For an example, if a human resources manager who possessed selection bias interferes in the process recruiting the new employees, the manager might select his or her preference candidates for the job vacancy. Based on the questionnaire result that we have been distributed to the Nestle Malaysia, bad attitude of the manager may lead to escalate conflict level into a worse stage.Great majority of the employees preferred to work for a cooperative competent boss and also the colleagues. Employees were in fully support for the dress code in the resea rch but the managers statements were totally contrary to that of employees. Maximum number of managers and employees come to consensus that free flow of communication among the employees which is a good sign to two ways communication. There are big number of respondents blamed the manager for hierarchic whether vertical or horizontal, the manager is a key factor and he should be perfect in dealing to all grounds or else, the conflict would emerge of all type.On the other hand, issues of authority and responsibility balance could be further if the manager takes big decisions such as jobs confirmation and salary decisions then, there may be conflicts, and we suggest these decisions must(prenominal) be taken by the top management (directors) in order to reduce the unnecessary conflict. The manager of NESTLE also raised the point of communications problem. They believe that the every information must be communicated from their tables. If in any case any employee bypasses the manger, th ere may be a conflict arose between them too. Usually, the organizations do have coordinators who are directly answerable to the top management. These coordinators hold responsibility to look at both side and try to look into the factor and solution of inter-organization conflict. Some of the employees reveal that bad attitude of the manager and arrogant nature of the boss could also become one reason of conflicts. They prefer to work with an effective but highly cooperative person rather than an efficient but uncooperative one.Extent to which recommendations are accordant with analysis. (5 marks)TrainingFrom the questionnaire, the first thing which found, was the insufficient of coaching given to the employees, managers comment that, in an organization employees always have to work together in groups, and if soulfulness feels that he or she unable to co-operate within the group, then there is some trouble lies with particular employee. However at the same time managers said that it is also the organizations responsibility to teach and educate the employees how to work together in groups through proper training. This is a serious topic in order to generate a good working environment in company while each people are concentrating on different task. We found that, without the existence of training, the organizations might face serious types of irresolvable conflicts, which are definitely not fruitful to the organization.To avoid unnecessary conflict took place in the workplace, every staffs and management must participate in organization programming to realize and overcome of conflict sources. Organization could implement conflict management training to all staff members who wished to involve into the training. The objectives of this training are make the participants can gain a clearer understanding of how to deal with conflict and utilized it for maximum opportunity. Participator may able to recognize the various stages of conflict and avoid it from escalati ng. After completing the program, they could identify their own preferred conflict resolution style and utilized several of ways for managing conflict successfully. However, participator will learn the techniques in handling emotions issue, it bring more productive relationships with each others.Organization can implement Six Steps of the Collaborative Model to strengthen conflict management training program. For instanceStep 1-Define the problem in terms of needs not solutionsDefine a problem in terms of inappropriate needs but not conflict the solutions. Besides, it is needed for each member to understanding the problem, so that energy will be focused in the same way.Step 2-Brainstorm assertable solutionsBarnstorming can define as a quick provide and listing of solution without any clarification and without evaluate of the merits. It must be creative while generate a possible solutions.Step 3-Select the solution (or combination of solutions) that will best meet both parties need s. both(prenominal) party should be active listening and genuinely consider the other persons preferences. Make sure both of the parties understand the solution.Step 4-Planning (who will do what, where, and by when)When both individuals close to a decision, may write down all the details and understand the solution that they made.Step 5-Implement the plan promptly after a solution had decided, decide who will do what and when. Carry out respective part of the plan as soon as possible and trust the other to do their part.Step 6-Evaluate the process and the outcomesAfter the problem solving session, step back from it for a moment and check that both parties are happy with the process. All decisions are open to modification or repeal, but not unilaterally.Stereotypical problemBesides from the training within organization, there are also problem such as stereotypical idea planted in office and workplace. This empirical study derived from certain factors regarding the employee self thin king especially experienced workers they keep retain their close mind and not willing step out to recognize the new and young blood. In such case, the jr. workforces tend to received reproach and stress given from experienced workers. This situation will bring a big impact in company long term developing and operation. To prevent and neutral this issue to be more benefit to company, company implement several types of solution to solve the problem. set-back thing first, Company could work with local colleges to teach young people how to act and what will be expected of them in the workplace. Hereby, company able to provide an opportunity to senior employee to share their experience to the potential younger worker. Thru this program, the young blood may obtain some lecture and empirical talk earlier they venture into the company. Secondly, company can organize some interaction event to pull close both parties relationship. It could improve the relationships and tend to consensus empl oyees mindset and goal. By having such seminar, it is aim to encourage the experience workers to develop an open-minded to young worker. In addition, senior worker ought to act as a mentor whom always guides the younger worker to make them feel comfortable in workplace.Undisputable, Nestle had committed very serious mistake in handling the issue towards their external stakeholders. From the case mentioned above, Nestle ought to uphold the value which act and response immediately to the outbreak of dissatisfaction from public. We would like to suggest Nestle should develop a principle that able to response quickly to social issue. The main reason to impute to Nestle had adopted the same tactic, which is drag and try to run away from the responsibility. Despite both incident was happened in different time (1970s and 2010s), the Nestle company still no getting improvement in handling consumer complain instead become worse in the public relation skill. In this part, we suggest Nestle to review the public relation system and operation, in order to eliminate the old way doing it, and develop a better and efficient mechanism.ConclusionAfter we done all the research and studied the issue of the conflict in Nestle (Malaysia) , we have the conclusions that workplace conflictsis itself not a problem, but it is a serious symptom of some factors that are usually ignored when designing the organizational structures. From the issues mentioned, structural sources of conflict such as incompatible goal, scarce resources and communicate problems are identified that usually are the root cause of the conflicts, which is ethnicity, personal jealousy, arrogant behaviours and communications problem.We also find out the consequence of unresolved conflict may affect job satisfaction, employee loyalty, and stakeholders interest in any given organization. Superior should mediate a conflict by using the right method. Conflict may affect employees commitment and activist attention through the organization and increase the rate of absenteeism in workplace and reputation destruct. Several ways to deal with conflict, such as avoiding, compromising, collaborating, accommodating and yielding come into picture. Different styles of conflict management have its benefits and weaknesses, users have to identify the most appropriate conflict styles based on the different situation they are in. By following the conflict resolution procedure, conflicts will be solved easily.In conclude, having conflict is not a bad appearance in company, the main reason which is the conflicts serve as a learning sophisticate for all organizations. In this era, a company without conflict and negotiation, it will hardly to improve. Superior and subordinates should learn to resolve the conflicts that occur instead of just avoiding that conflict. Employees should learn and practice the various methods of conflict resolution. Superior and subordinates should start solving conflicts as it is the only w ay to ensure that conflicts are handled better in the future.

Ethnicity and Genocide in Rwanda

Ethnicity and race murder in RwandaTracing the origins of a race murder is a treacherous undertaking. If simply recording the facts back tooth be difficult, due to the chaotic and brutal disregard of human existence and culture, then tracing the brotherly, cultural and political origins/causes is highly problematic. If the interpreter chooses to trace these origins to the distant past, by considering peculiar cultural developments and tensions then he/she can be accused of absolving those who were actively involved in the genocide of the responsibility that should be attributed to them. If on the other hand, the interpreter chooses merely to concentrate on the motivations of those involved then this can be at the expense of a broader witnessing of the circumstances that enabled such motivations to flourish. This quandary sealedly confronts efforts to explain the some nonorious genocide in human history, in Ger many a(prenominal) during the second world war. Hannah Arendt for example, asked us, disturbingly, to think of Eichman as just a administrative official trying to do the best for his c areer and family as a creation of the dark side of modernity.In attempting to explain a more recent, equally brutal, genocide in Rwanda in 1994 we are once again confronted by the interpretive dilemma described above. In the case of Rwanda the issue for those attempting to explain why intimately 1 million people were murdered in the space of just a few months, has been the extent to which culturality was the determinant factor. Was it ethnical tension and rivalry that erupted, horrifically, into the cud killing of a minority ethnic group by another majority ethnic group? If so then how did such viscous ethnic tension emerge? Was it an artificial creation of colonial precept, that was very likely to eventually end in violent conflict? Or were ethnic tensions amid the Hutu and Tutsi the deliberate construction of big businessman groups bent on the annihil ation of their enemies, their competitors for power. And to what extent were these tensions class taild rather than ethnic? In the following essay I shall show how in that location is more at stake in assessing the contribution of ethnicity to the genocide in Rwanda than the degree to which ethnicity was a factor. Moreover, it is very clear that ethnicity played a part but the draw issue is when, who, how and for what purpose was ethnic division created? Our answers to these questions will lead us to the very meaning of the ethnicities themselves.Ethnicity and GenocideBefore we can begin to address the particular case of Rwanda however we should clarify what will be meant by both ethnicity and genocide. The term ethnicity is usually employed to refer to the individuation of a group of people who share a particular geography, language, history, religion, habits and customs that can be distinguished from other such groups. Whether this indistinguishability is imaginary or real, as Obi Zgwanda notes, is irrelevant. What matters is that there is a perception of ethnic differences and that this perception guides the actions and interactions of those who hold to them. It is important overly to note here that ethnicity is a social identity that is not necessarily confined by, or the product of, precise geographical boundaries. Indeed Africa is a good example of a region that consists of many ethnicities that pre-date the establishment of geographical boundaries. Moreover, just because a certain social identity is not geographically demarcated against another social identity, its other, does not mean that the social identity in question is any less describable as ethnic (Igwara, 1995 7)The term genocide requires a ofttimes more formal definition. This is because there often seems to be some confusion between killing that is motivated by ethnic hatred and the deliberate, planned attempt to eliminate a certain ethnic group which is what we shall understand to be genocide. The distinction is important because it is much easier to understand the socio-historical causes of violence between ethnic groups than it is to trace the socio-historical legacy that led to genocide. In other words, there may exist ethnic tensions or competing ethnicities but it is a big step to then understand them as the draw bestow factor in genocide. And once we recognise that genocide is planned and deliberate then we also hold to take into account the motivations of the planners of the genocide. In other words, we bespeak to consider the extent to which ethnicity was manipulated by actors bent on the paranoid accumulation of power and wealth.Hutu and Tutsi as ethnicities?Hutu and Tutsi are the two main ethnic groupings in Rwanda. only when are they really distinct ethnic groupings. After all, they share the same language and customs and are not divided by religion either. Indeed, they also share the same geography. The Hutu, who are the majority group, chec k been historically distinguished, most significantly, merely by their avocation as farmers of the land whereas Tutsi are mainly cattle farmers. To be sure this is an important difference, in that ownership of cattle has traditionally been thought of as the chief measure of status. in that respect are some who commit that Tutsi and Hutu can be distinguished also by appearance but then there are others still who believe that this is mythical, a social mood of former Tutsi rule which explains why they are thought to be taller. In any case, the pre-twentieth century history of Tutsi and Hutu suggest that the two groups were different not as ethnicities as such but as two layers of a caste system.This would perchance explain why prior to the twentieth century the Hutu and Tutsi coexisted relatively peacefully certainly if the cultural and economic hierarchy between Tutsi and Hutu was internalised as a natural order within the social identities of the two groupings. Indeed, to desc ribe the Hutu and Tutsi as ethnicities may indeed be a Eurocentric way of classifying the differences between the two groups that wants to divide up the world into distinct ethnicities, much in the way that nations are divided up. To put the point differently, it is rather like understanding the middle and working classes in Britain as separate ethnicities. To conclude this section, if the genocide carried step to the fore by Hutu against Tutsi is to be understood in terms of ethnicity then the ethnicity we are referring to must surely be a recent creation and therefore, perhaps less decisive as a factor?Colonialism and the construction of ethnicityIt is now widely recognised that colonial rule of Africa, and other parts of the world, created tensions that otherwise might not have existed. There are two key reasons for this effect. Firstly, the dividing up of Africa by European powers in the 19th and earlyish 20th century created artificial boundaries which subsequently became sta tes, and which would ulterior become the subject of dispute and violent conflict. Secondly, and more significantly in the case of Rwanda colonialism imposed what is called the settler/native dialectic. The settler/native dialectic did not just impose a hierarchy it established an altered consciousness in which social identities were relative to the superiority of the colonist (Mamdani, 2001). Moreover, consent to colonial rule was imposed not just through force but through a kind of cultural assimilation in which the native was encouraged to place to the cultural and economic superiority of the settler. This surely had the effect of heightening tensions between groups that were privileged or marginalised within this dialectic thus feeding a key ingredient of ethnicity, namely otherness (Mamdani, 2001)German control of Rwanda up until the first world war certainly followed the logic of colonialism described above. Throughout German occupation the dominance of the Tutsi was further institutionalised through administrative and economic structures. And the enforcement of a tax regime meant that the Tutsi were both partly responsible for and beneficiaries of the collection and allocation of revenue. However, it was Belgian colonialism that had the most significant impact on relations between Hutu and Tutsi, and the social construction of ethnic identity in Rwanda. There are several key factors here. Firstly, after taking control of the colony after world war one, the Belgian politics introduced formal ethnic identification. Every Rwandan was forced to carry identity cards stating their ethnic identity, i.e Hutu or Tutsi. Placed alongside the continued support for the Tutsi elite and the explicit belief that the Tutsi were superior to the Hutu, physically and culturally, this surely had the effect of polarising the ethnic contrast between the two groups (Igwara, 1995 46) Worse still, the Belgian authorities attempted to make Rwanda into a profitable colony and t hus enforced a much harsher regime than under the Germans. Since much of the administration of this regime was carried out by the Tutsi an actual dynamic of tension was set in place that was to unfold passim the twentieth century.The Belgian colonisers certainly helped to ensure, albeit unintentionally, that this dynamic became conflictual and violent. In the 1950s signs of unrest amongst the Hutu population in reaction to their op imploreed condition led the Belgian authorities to introduce a greater measure of equality between the Hutu and Tutsi. Moreover the growing confidence and deepened collective consciousness of the Hutu eventually resulted in a flaming(a) overthrow by the Hutu of the Tutsi regime in 1959. From 1962 onwards the Hutu reversed the Tutsi dominance, often just as brutally as the regime that it replaced. By the 1990s the Hutu and Tutsi were divided, at least, by divergent collective memories of the past, or in other words by conflicting ethnic identities.By way of conclusion to our summary of the personal effects of colonialism, we can say that the colonial control of Rwanda clearly established tensions that might not otherwise have existed, which had the effect of strengthening the ethnic self-consciousness of the Hutu and Tutsi (Mamdani, 2001). though we have not yet established the degree to which ethnicity contributed to the genocide in Rwanda, it is clear that the tensions that were present in the early 1990s were ethnic ones, even if they were only recently created. By this time the perceived cultural differences between the Hutu and Tutsi were not mere economic.The GenocideIt is one thing to establish that the genocide occurred against a earth of decades of ethnic strife, but quite another to claim this strife was the decisive factor in the genocide. To claim that ethnicity was the decisive factor in the genocide is perhaps to suppose that the genocide was spontaneous, that it was the rising to the surface of ethnic injustice and h atred whose will was carried out by the reserves who slaughtered so many Tutsi, in such a short space of time. But perhaps this is what the perpetrators of the genocide would like us to believe. Perhaps it would be more accurate to claim, following the definition of Genocide outlined above, that the genocide was deliberate and planned and that the ethnic hatred, and thus the particular ethnicity that played a part was also deliberately cultivated for the purpose of carrying out genocide. There are several key factors here.Firstly whilst its scale was unprecedented in Rwanda, the genocide arguably began sometime ahead 1994. During the late 1980s and early 1990s a series of progroms were carried out. These were smaller scale brutal killing expeditions by Hutu militia, coordinated by the Hutu government, most probably in preparation for genocide on a much greater scale (Freeman, 1998). The Hutu government appeared to have arrived at the conclusion that the surest way to permanently secure its power base was the evacuation of the Tutsi. The rhetoric of the regime during this period certainly seems to confirm this. But the Hutu suppression of the Tutsi during this period, under the leadership of Habyarimana, was not simply motivated by the desire to ethnically cleanse. Even though viscous ethnocentric rhetoric was employed the Hutu government were perhaps more fearful of the consequences of the pressure that was being brought on them by impertinent powers for democratic reform and thus the inclusion of the Tutsi. The progroms then, and the eventual genocide may be seen as an attempt to eliminate any terror to its power base before it was required to relent to pressure for democratic reform. Indeed, the introduction of democratic reform during the early 1990s only further strengthened the Hutu governments cause. More press freedom and the establishment of new political parties only led to more pro-Hutu and more anti-Tutsi rhetoric. This rhetoric was also more specifically targeted against the Arusha accords which were supposed to establish a power-sharing arrangement with the Tutsi. To be sure, the chances for the success of the accords was diminished also by the invasions between 1990-93 of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) a Tutsi led militia force based in Uganda. However the fear amongst the Hutu elite that if the accords were realised they would lose their cultural and political positions was more decisively a factor in their racialisation of Rwanda politics during the period before the genocide.The extent to which the Rwandan genocide was planned and thus the result of a power struggle rather, merely, than ethnicity, is evidenced by the events that led up to the genocide in the months before. On April 6th 1994 a weather sheet carrying the president was shot down by a missile, killing everyone on board. But in the same day of the attack, Hutu militia were out on patrol checking the identities of all passers by if they were Tutsi t hey were brutally murdered with machetes (Freeman, 1998 49). The killing that ensued then was immediate and on a wad scale during a period of just 3 months. Estimates of the number of Tutsi killed ranged between 700,000 and 1 million. The apparent suddenness of the genocide as well as the inactivity of the international community should not however, disguise the significant and not well concealed evidence that the genocide was planned even predictable. Indeed the attack on the presidents aeroplane is still shrouded in mystery. It is unclear who carried out the attack and some suspect that it may have been Hutu extremists concerned that the Hutu government would relinquish some of its power base to the Tutsi. And it should also be noted that the genocide was not just targeted at Tutsi but Hutu moderates.The relative absence of ethnicity as a factor in the summary above leaves out an important question however. How is it, if the genocide was a planned attempt by the Hutu elite to eli minate any potential threat to its power-base, that so many people participated in the genocide. However, only 10% of the Hutu population participated in the killings. The image that is often portrayed of the people killing their neighbours often obscures this statistic. It is original that Tutsi and Hutu lived in the same communities and spoke the same language and even married each other but one cannot make the further step that the genocide was the spontaneous eruption of ethnic hatred. Clearly, the events and origins of the genocide in Rwanda are highly contested. Indeed, it is important to include here the interpretation of the events offered by western governments and the western media. There is much evidence to suggest that both the U.S and France had the operational military capability to intervene rapidly and decisively to halt the genocide. Furthermore the shooting down of the presidents plane has never properly been investigated, either by the U.N, American or Belgian au thorities.Moreover Rwanda represents a massive failure on a number of fronts. The most blatant failure was clearly that of the United Nations for pathetically sending in peacekeeping troops that were merely able to stand by and watch the slaughter. because there is the failure, and apparent inconsistency of the American empire to decisively intervene despite its interventions elsewhere. And there is also the failure to prevent the genocide, to do anything about the preparations for genocide. Indeed, Rwanda was really viewed as a model of development of an example of the success of international development aid. This is despite the substantial use of international aid for the funding Hutu militia and the luxurious lifestyles of the Hutu elite. From the perspective of these failed actors, or non-actors, it is certainly much more convenient either to understand what happened in Rwanda as civil war or to understand it as a sudden eruption of ethnic tensions that defy easy report. Cu riously, by laying the blame for the genocide at the door of colonialism the cultural studies, post-colonial explanation for the genocide in Rwanda actually ends up allying itself with the former colonial powers who apparently powerless to intervene.ConclusionWhilst ethnicity is clearly a factor in the genocide in Rwanda, we need to be careful the way in which and the degree to which attribute this factor. Firstly, historically the Tutsi and Hutu have been divided along class rather than ethnic lines. Their differences do not take the form of ethnic differences in the European sense of the term. Secondly, whilst the colonial intensification of tensions between the Hutu and Tutsi created a consciousness of ethnicity that might not otherwise have existed we should be careful when attempting to trace the specific and brutal act of genocide to the legacy of colonialism. Thirdly, the years, months, days and hours that proceded the genocide suggest that it was planned and thus not a sudde n eruption of ethnic tension and hostilities as is sometimes implied.BibliographyJohn A. Berry and Carol Pott Berry (eds.), Genocide in RwandaA Collective Memory. Washington, DC Howard UniversityPress, 1999.Charles Freeman, Crisis in Central Africa Hove Wagland, 1998Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims BecomeKillers Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda.Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press, 2001.Obi Igwara, Ethnic Hatred genocide in Rwanda London ASEAN, 1995

Bessie Smith Essay -- Biography Biographies

Bessie SmithKnown as the Empress Of colour, Bessie Smith was said to have revolutionized the vocal end of Blues Music. She showed a lot of pride as an independent African-American woman. Her style in performance and lyrics often reflected her lifestyle. Bessie Smith was one of the first female jazz artists, and she paved the way for many musicians who followed. Bessie was innate(p) April 15, 1894 in Chattanooga, Tennessee to a part time Baptist preacher, William Smith, and his wife Laura. The family was large and poor. Soon after she was born her father died. Laura lived until Bessie was only nine years old. The remaining children had to unwrap to take care of themselves. Her sister Viola then raised her. But it was her oldest brother, Clarence, who had the most impact on her. Clarence always encouraged Bessie to learn to sing and dance. subsequently Clarence had joined the Moses Stokes Minstrel Show, Bessie got auditions. Bessies career began when she was discovered by none other than Ma Rainey when Mas revue, the Rabbit Foot Minstrels, was passing through Chattanooga around 1912 and she had the occasion to go through young Bessie sing. Ma took Bessie on the road with the show and communicated, consciously or not, the subtleties and intricacies of an ancient and still emerging art form. (Snow). Bessie started by working small-time travel tent shows. With the help of Clarence she began her professional career in 1912, and soon became a featured singer. Smith was an established star with the black audiences throughout the south by the time she moved to Philadelphia in 1921. However, two more years would pass before she would begin her recording career. Soon after moving to Philadelphia, Smith supposedly auditioned for Okeh and other... ... Pennsylvania. For many African-Americans, Smith was more than just a blues singer, thanks to an aggressive personality and often-excessive lifestyle. It seemed as if she was describing black culture in the twenties throu gh her songs. Smith recorded at least 160 songs for Columbia Records from 1923 to 1933. Many of these songs are blues classics. Bessie Smith was inducted into the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame in 1980 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989. Bessie Smith had a huge voice capable of strength and softness, which she left behind on all her recordings. BibliographyDavis, Angela Y. Blues Legacies and Black Feminism. New York Pantheon Books, 1999 Friedwald, Will. Jazz Singing. New York Da Capo Press, 1996 Sanders, Madelyn. Bessie Smith. Smith, Bessie. Encarta Encyclopedia. 2001 Ed. Snow, Joel. Bessie Smith. September 17, 1995

Effects of Divorce on Children :: Papers

Effects of Divorce on ChildrenDivorce has become an unquestionable revivify for the miserably married. Currently, the United States has the highest divorce rate in the world. Every year in the US approximately one million children experience divorce which, is well-nigh one in every three children (Amato 21). The effects of divorce can be tremendously painful for both children and adults. Children of divorce are more apt(predicate) to suffer from behavioral, social, academic, and psychological problems than children raised in two-parent families. The actual separation of the family will be the initial crisis that a child must deal with but many an(prenominal) issues such as economic hardship, moving, and other major issues may follow. Sarah McLanahan, a leading divorce researcher at Princeton University, has identified moving as one of the most damaging effects of divorce for children. That is because the children lose invaluable ties to friends that may be able to help them cope with the new stress they are face up with. McLanahan and Gary Sandefur conclude that up to 40% of the increased risk of being a high school drop out is attributed to moving as a head of divorce (Chira 01E). The short term effects or divorce vary depending on the age and sex of most children. Boys and girls handle the break-ups with different emotions for example, some squeeze angry, some feel sad, and some may experience feelings of rejection.Preschool age children, ages three to five, many times react with feelings of anger and sadness. Many of the preschool age children will retrogress after the initial shock of the separation. Signs of regression could be once again asking for a security blanket, bedwetting, returning to thumb sucking, needing help feeding themselves, or hitting their siblings. The children in this age group are more anxious and insecure than a child growing up in a two-parent house (Teyber 11). The majority of the children in the preschool age-g roup have abandonment issues and fear that since one parent has left the home that the other may move out as well. As the children get older the effects the divorce has on them is different but no less traumatizing. School aged children between the ages of six to eight see to have an especially difficult time dealing with their parents splitting up. Generally, the boys in this age group tend to be more bothered than the girls.